The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.
The "Persons" table:
| P_Id | LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hansen | Ola | Timoteivn 10 | Sandnes |
| 2 | Svendson | Tove | Borgvn 23 | Sandnes |
| 3 | Pettersen | Kari | Storgt 20 | Stavanger |
Now we want to select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes" from the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:
The result-set will look like this:
| P_Id | LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hansen | Ola | Timoteivn 10 | Sandnes |
| 2 | Svendson | Tove | Borgvn 23 | Sandnes |
SQL uses single quotes around text values (most database systems will also accept double quotes).
Although, numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes.
For text values:
For numeric values:
With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be used:
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| = | Equal |
| <> | Not equal |
| > | Greater than |
| < | Less than |
| >= | Greater than or equal |
| <= | Less than or equal |
| BETWEEN | Between an inclusive range |
| LIKE | Search for a pattern |
| IN | If you know the exact value you want to return for at least one of the columns |
Note: In some versions of SQL the <> operator may be written as !=
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