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HTML Encoding (Character Sets)

The HTML charset Attribute

To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know which character set to use.

The character set is specified in the <meta> tag:

<meta charset="UTF-8">

The HTML specification encourages web developers to use the UTF-8 character set.

UTF-8 covers almost all of the characters and symbols in the world!

Unicode Web growth

Learn More:

Full UTF-8 Reference


The ASCII Character Set

ASCII was the first character encoding standard for the web.

It defined 128 different latin characters that could be used on the internet:

  • English letters (a-z and A-Z)
  • Numbers (0-9)
  • Some special characters: ! $ + - ( ) @ < > . # ?

The ANSI Character Set

ANSI (Windows-1252) was the first Windows character set:

  • Identical to ASCII for the first 127 characters
  • Special characters from 128 to 159
  • Identical to UTF-8 from 160 to 255
<meta charset="Windows-1252">

The ISO-8859-1 Character Set

The default character set for HTML 4 was ISO-8859-1.

It supported 256 characters:

  • Identical to ASCII for the first 127 characters
  • Does not use the characters from 128 to 159
  • Identical to ANSI and UTF-8 from 160 to 255

HTML 4 Example

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1">

HTML 5 Example

<meta charset="ISO-8859-1">

The UTF-8 Character Set

  • Identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127
  • Does not use the characters from 128 to 159
  • Identical to ANSI and 8859-1 from 160 to 255
  • Continues from the value 256 to 10 000 characters
<meta charset="UTF-8">

Learn More:

Full UTF-8 Reference



HTML UTF-8 Characters

Basic Latin

ABCD abcd 0123 ?#$%

Latin Extended A-B

ĀĂĄ ĆĈĊČ ĒĔĖĘĚ

Latin Extended C-D

Ⱡ Ɽ Ɱ Ⱳ

Latin IPA Extentions

ɖɜɣ ɘɫɛ ɱɷɞ

Spacing Modifiers

pʰ pʱ pʲ pʳ

Diacritical Marks

àáâã èéêẽ òóôõ

Greek and Coptic

Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ

Cyrillic

А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К

Armenian

Ա Բ Գ Դ Ե Զ Է Ը Թ Ժ Ի Լ

Arabic

ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س

Hebrew

ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל

Syriac

ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ ܟ ܠ

Hindi / Devanagari

क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ

Cherokee

Ꭰ Ꭱ Ꭲ Ꭳ Ꭴ Ꭵ Ꭶ Ꭷ Ꭸ Ꭹ Ꭺ Ꭻ

Runic

ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ

General Punctuation

‰ ‱ ⁒ ‼ ⁇ ⸮ ⁈ ⁉ ⁎ ⁑ ⁂

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